![]() They found that race/ethnicity moderates the association between ACEs and PTSD. used data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a nationally representative adolescent sample ( N = 10,123) to examine the impact of race/ethnicity on the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and PTSD in the USA. Studies among children are fewer so far but suggestive of similar results. , analyzing data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), found that the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in adults was the highest among Blacks (8.7%), followed by Whites (7.4%), Hispanics (7.0%), and the lowest among Asians (4.0%), with differences in risk varying by type of traumatic event. , studying a nationally representative US sample of non-Latino White, Latino, Asian, African American, and Afro-Caribbean adults, demonstrated that Asians have lower prevalence rates of probable lifetime PTSD, whereas African Americans have higher rates as compared with non-Latino Whites, adjusting for type and number of exposures to traumatic events, and for sociodemographic and clinical factors. There are no epidemiological studies of the overall prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among minority or BIPOC children and youth. ![]() The overall impression from the available literature is that the prevalence of traumatization and trauma-related disorders among youth from minority or BIPOC backgrounds is substantial and possibly higher than that found among those from White or European background populations. We review overall studies around traumatization, historical trauma, and studies associated with specific types of traumatic experiences commonly experienced by minority children and youth: immigration trauma, community violence, child abuse/family violence, terrorism, disasters, and more recently the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this review is to outline the literature in this important area and to inform service providers and policy makers in their efforts to address the needs of children and youth from minority and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) backgrounds. To date, there has been no review of the literature examining the outcomes of multiple adverse experiences faced by minority youth including the development of trauma- and stressor-related disorders. In spite of some efforts, this system lacks the necessary skills and capacity to address the special cultural and psychosocial needs of growing minority populations. At the same time, the children’s mental health service system in the USA is a largely fragmented system geared to middle class Caucasian norms of family independence and self-sufficiency. These composite stressors are resulting in increasing rates of mental health morbidity, such as depression, suicidality, stress-related disorders, school disciplinary actions, incarceration, and placement in state custody. ![]() These populations face higher rates of psychosocial disparities such as poverty, lack of education, barriers to health and mental health services, and exposure to multiple stressors such as discrimination, racism, community violence exposure, and immigration and acculturation stresses. As of 2020, the majority of children and youth in the USA are from these minority, non-European backgrounds (this will be the case for the overall population by 2045). This has been both a result of demographic changes (aging of the non-Hispanic White/European origin populations) greater growth of African American, Latinx, Asian origin, and American Indian populations and significant immigration from Latin America, Southeast and East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. ![]() The USA has undergone a major increase of non-European populations over the past 50 years. Recognizing and understanding the impact of trauma is critical to the healthy development and successful functioning of minority youth, and to the success of our nation. These disparities are resulting in increasing rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, and suicide in minority youth. Despite the higher incidence of trauma exposure, minority youth are less likely to access medical and mental health care. The COVID-19 pandemic has also disproportionately affected minority youth resulting in illness and hospitalizations. These experiences include historical/generational trauma, immigration and acculturation stressors, natural and manmade disasters, experiences of discrimination, family violence, and community violence. Research reveals that traumatic experiences disproportionately affect minority youth. ![]() The USA has an increasing number of children and youth from minority backgrounds. This paper reviews the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of traumatic experiences on the mental health outcomes of minority youth in the USA. ![]()
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